How do I keep my home number while using a travel eSIM?

Short answer. Leave the home line on for calls and texts, set the travel eSIM as the mobile data line, and turn data roaming off on the home line and on for the travel line. Calls and texts to your home number still arrive, and are billed by your home carrier.
SetupUpdated By Brian Muuo3 sources

Which settings matter?

SettingHome lineTravel eSIM
Line turned onOnOn
Mobile/cellular dataNoYes
Data roamingOffOn
Default for calls and SMSYesNo (most travel eSIMs are data-only)

On iPhone these are under Settings > Cellular; on Samsung under Settings > Connections > SIM manager.

What about "Allow cellular data switching"?

iPhone has an option that lets it use the other line's data when coverage is poor. Leave it off abroad: if it switches to your home line, your home carrier's roaming rates apply.

Will I pay for incoming calls?

That depends on your home carrier's roaming tariff, not the eSIM. Inside the EU/EEA, EU-issued SIMs roam at domestic prices under Regulation (EU) 2022/612, which runs to 2032.

Related guides

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How to install a travel eSIM on iPhone (iOS 17.4 and later)
Six steps, the exact menu names, and the two settings people miss.
How to install a travel eSIM on Samsung Galaxy and Google Pixel
Menu paths from Samsung and Google, and which models are excluded.
When to install a travel eSIM so you don't lose days
Install and activation are different events. Here is when each provider starts the clock.